GIFT  OF 


FOREIGN  LEGISLATION  ON  THE 
MERCHANT  MARINE 


LETTER 


BEFORE  THE 


COMMITTEE  ON  COMMERCE 
UNITED  STATES  SENATE 


SIXTY-THIRD  CONGRESS 

THIRD  SESSION 

TRANSMITTING 

CERTAIN  MATERIAL  WHICH  THE  LEGISLATIVE  REFERENCE 
DIVISION  OF  THE  LIBRARY  OF  CONGRESS  HAS  GATH- 
ERED RELy\TING  TO  FOREIGN  LEGISLATION 
ON  THE  MERCHANT  MARINE 


Printed  for  the  use  of  the  Committee  on  Commerce 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OXTIGB 

1916 


X 


c^ 


COMMITTEE  ON  COMMERCE. 

JAMES  P.  CLARKE,  of  Arkansas,  Chairman. 
DUNCAN  U.  FLETCHER,  Florida.  KNUTE  NELSON,  Minnesota, 

GEORGE  E.  CHAMBERLALN,  Oregon.  GEORGE  C.  PERKINS,  California. 

JOSEPH  E.  RANSDELL,  Louisiana.  WILLIAM  ALDEN  SMITH,  Michigaa 

MORRIS  SHE PPARD,  Texas.  THEODORE  E.  BURTON,  Ohio. 

JAMES  K.  VARDAMAN,  Mississippi  ISAAC  STEPHENSON,  Wisconsin. 

JOHN  K.  SHIELDS,  Tennessee.  COE  L  CRAWFORD,  South  Dakota. 

THOMAS  S.  MARTIN,  Virginia.  GEORGE  T.  OLIVER,  Pennsylvania. 

JOHN  H.BANKHE  AD,  Alabama. 
FURNIFOLD  McL.  SIMMONS,  North  Carolina. 

JosiAH  H.  Smu^,  Acting  Clerk. 
2 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Library  of  Congress, 

WasJiington,  January  1 4,  1915.  * 
Dear  Senator  Fletcher:  You  will  remember  that  at  the  con-  \ 
ference  which  Dr.  Putnam  and  I  had  with  you  a  few  days  ago  we 
told  you  of  the  material  which  the  Legislative  l^eference  Division  ■ 
hfs  been  getting  together  relating  to  foreign  legislation  on  the  mer- 
chant  marine,  and   particularly  the  T' ussian   enterprises  involving  j 
Government  ownership  or  control.  ! 
As  you  indicated  that  the  latter  might  be  of  interest  to  the  Senate  | 
Committee  on  Commerce,  I  have  reshaped  this  part  of  the  material  ■ 
so  that  it  m'^y  be  printed  as  a  committee  document,  if  you  so  desire.  ' 
By  direction  of  the  Librarian,  I  inclose  a  copy  of  this  compilation  ■ 
herewith.  i 
Very  truly,  yours,  ; 

David  Thompson,  j 

In  Charge  Legislative  Reference  Division,  ] 

Hon.  Duncan  U.  Fletcher,  j 

United  States  Senate,  Washin0on,  B.C.  I 


331S0T 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

Mi.crosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/foreignleaislatiOOIibrrich 


GOVERNMENT  OWNERSHIP  OR  CONTROL 

OF  MERCHANT  SHIPPING 

IN  RUSSIA 


I.  ARKHANGELSK-MURMAN  STEAM  NAVIGATION  CO. 
II.  RUSSIAN-DANUBE  STEAMSHIP  NAVIGATION 
m.  VOLUNTEER  FLEET 

COMPILED  BY 

J.  G.  OHSOL 

Research  Atsistant,  Legislative  Reference  Division 


L 

THE  ARKHANGELSK-MURMAN  STEAM  NAVIGATION  CO. 

1.  Organization  of  the  White  Sea-Murman  Co.  in  1870. 

a.  Annual  subvention. 

b.  Failure  of  the  company  in  1875.  ^  , 

2.  Organization  ot  the  Arkliangelsk-Murman  Co.  in  1875. 

a.  Replaced  the  White  Sea  Co. 

b.  Increased  subvention. 

3.  Reorganization  in  1895. 

a.  Increased  capital  stock. 

b.  Government  subscribes  to  more  than  one-half. 

c.  Increased  subvention. 

d.  Additional  Government  control. 

e.  Dividends. 

4.  Steamers  of  the  company,  January,  1914. 

The  White  Sea-Murman  Steam  Navigation  (Jo.  was  organized  in 
1870  with  an  annual  subsidy  of  30,000  rubles  for  12  trips  between 
Arkhangelsk  and  points  on  the  Murman  shore.  This  company  failed 
in  1875  and  was  replaced  by  the  Arkhangelsk-Murman  Steam  Navi- 
gation Co.  with  an  annual  subvention  of  50,000  rubles.  In  1880  two 
additional  trips  were  required  and  the  annual  subvention  was  in- 
ncreased  by  5,000  rubles. 

The  agreement  with  the  Government  in  1885  left  the  aimual  sub- 
vention at  55,000  rubles  for  10  years.  The  amended  charter  of  May 
15,  1895,  increased  the  capitalization,  the  number  of  voyages  required, 
and  the  number  of  vessels  and  brought  the  company  under  close 
Government  control.  The  Government  subscribed  for  about  56  per 
cent  of  the  capital  stock,  viz,  to  the  amount  of  620,000  rubles  out  of 
a  total  of  1,112,800  rubles.  The  annual  subvention  was  increased  to 
80,000  rubles  for  20  years,  i.  e.,  up  to  1915.  The  dividend  rate  was 
fixed  at  5  per  cent  on  aU  stock  whether  owned  by  the  State  or  by 
private  individuals.  From  the  surplus  profits,  if  sufficient,  1  per  cent 
of  additional  dividend  is  to  be  paid  to  the  private  shareholders,  and 
of  the  balance  25  per  cent  is  to  be  distributed  in  bonuses  to  the 
management  and  to  the  employees  of  the  company,  37^  per  cent  is  to 
be  added  to  the  insurance  fund,  and  37 J  per  cent  is  to  be  used  for  the 
diminution  of  the  Government  subsidy. 

7 


8  .'FOREIGN   LI5GISLATI0N   ON   THE   MERCHANT   MARINE. 

-^''J^^deayter^o/l^'ArXh^ngeUl'Murri^  Navigation  Co.,  January,  1914. 


No. 

Name. 

When 
built. 

Tonnage. 

Horse- 

Gross. 

Net. 

power. 

1 

Valgatch 

1911 

1895 
1871 
1896 
1896 
1910 
1908 
1896 
1896 
1891 
1869 
1874 
1901 
;    1896 
1898 
1902 

1,043 
805 
332 

1,211 
211 
840 

1,639 
211 
811 
914 
595 
98 
688 
230 
720 
8:52 

609 
479 
202 
640 

84 
471 
998 

84 
480 
479 
350 

56 
422 
153 
413 
465 

1,100 
850 

2 

Vfilikaia  TCniapinia  Ksenia 

3 

Velika  Kniaz  Vladimir 

375 

4 

Imperator  Nikolai  II 

1,262 

6 

Kandalaksha 

286 

6 

Keret ..        .    . 

825 

7 

Kildin 

850 

8 

Kola 

285 

9 
10 

Koroleva  Olga  Konstantinovna 

Lomonosov 

850 
900 

11 

Mikhail  Kazi 

450 

12 

Onega 

100 

13 

Petshora 

416 

14 

;  Prepodobnil  Trifon 

300 

15 

Sergei  Vitte 

650 

16 

Fedor  Tschizhov • 

640 

Total . 

11, 187 

6,392 

10,038 

Note. — all  vessels  of  this  company,  are  registered  at  the  port  of  Arkhangelsk. 

Soiu-ce:  Russia.  Ministerstvo  Torgovli  i  Promyshlennosti.  Otdel  Torgovavo  Moreplavania.  Marine 
marchande  russe.  Repertoire  des  b&tlments  au  lier  Janvier  1914.  St.  Petersburg  (Petrograd),  1914,  p 
J4e.  "^  ^  BE565.R9^44. 

n. 

RUSSIAN  DANUBE  STEAMSfflP  NAVIGATION. 

(RUSSKO-DUNAISSKOIE  PAROKHODSTVO.) 

1.  Establishment  of  Prince  Gagarin  Line  in  1881. 

a.  Mileage  bounties. 

b.  Additional  line  established. 

2.  Reorganization  as  Black-Sea-Danube  Steamship  Navigation  Co.  in  1886. 

a.  Extension  of  service. 

b.  Increase  of  government  subsidy. 

c.  Increase  of  capitalization. 

d.  Deficits  and  contraction  of  the  service. 

e.  Further  increase  of  capitalization  and  continued  deficit. 

f.  Revaluation  and  reduction  of  capitalization. 

5.  Purchase  by  the  government  and  Russian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation 
established. 

a.  Resolution  of  the  Imperial  Council.  ^ 

b.  Charter  and  by-laws. 

4.  Steamers  of  the  fleet,  January,  1914, 

The  Prince  Gagarin  Line,  established  in  1881,  was  to  maintain 
steamship  communication  between  Odessa  and  Izmail  for  ^ve  years, 
receiving  a  mileage  bounty  of  1.50  rubles  per  mile.  Two  years  later 
a  new  hne  between  Odessa  and  Sistovo  was  added,  with  a  mileage 
bounty  of  1.95  rubles  per  mile.  The  total  subvention  for  the  two 
lines  amounted  to  58,270  rubles  per  annum. 

In  1886  this  enterj)rise  became  the  Black  Sea-Danube  Steamship 
Navigation  Co.,  a  joint-stock  corporation,  with  a  capitahzation  of 
655,000  rubles.  The  service  was  further  extended  in  1888  to 
include  regular  freight  and  passenger  communication  between  Sistovo 
and  Kladovo  and  on  the  River  Prut  between  Reni  and  Niemtzena, 
as  well  as  a  tug  hne  for  the  transportation  of  kerosene  between  Reni 
and  Sistovo.  At  the  same  time  the  annual  subvention  was  fixed 
at  121,351  rubles,  and  the  capitahzation  was  increased  to  1,200,000 
rubles. 


FOREIGN   LEGISLATION    ON    THE    MERCHANT   MARINE.  9 

Despite  the  continuous  increase  in  the  tonnage  carried,  the  accounts 
showed  heavy  deficits  from  this  time.  In  1891  the  service  on  the 
Prut,  being  unremunerative,  was  discontinued,  and  the  two  services 
on  the  Danube  were  combined  into  one.  The  amount  of  the  sub- 
vention was  fixed  at  112,951  rubles  per  annum,  and  the  capitahza- 
tion  was  increased  to  2,200,000  rubles.  The  annual  deficit,  how- 
ever, continued  to  be  heavy,  reaching  152,150  rubles  in  the  year  1892. 

The  Imperial  Commission  on  the  Merchant  Marine,  which  pub- 
lished its  historical  survey  *  in  1895,  attributes  this  condition  to  the 
rate  policy  of  the  competing  Austrian  line  on  the  Danube;  but  it  also 
shows  that  a  revaluation  of  the  property  of  the  company  in  1893 
indicated  that  the  capitaUzation  was  excessive  and  led  to  its  reduc- 
tion to  1,637,550  rubles.  This  was,  however,  increased  to  1,793,100 
rubles  the  following  year.  From  1892  the  amount  of  the  annual  sub- 
vention was  225,820  rubles. 

In  1903  the  company  went  into  liquidation  and  its  property  was 
purchased  by  the  Government.  The  following  is  a  translation  of  the 
full  text  of  the  statute  estabhshi'^g  the  Russian-Danube  Steamship 
Navigation ,  which  provided  for  the  acquisition  of  this  property  and 
also  for  the  purchase  of  additional  new  vessels: 

Laws  1903,  ch.  734. 
[Translated  from  Sobranie  Uzakonenii,  Pt.  I,  no.  67,  p.  1469,  June  27, 1903.] 

H.  I.  H.  has  approved  the  resolution  of  the  joint  assembly  of  the 
Imperial  Council  relating  to  the  estabUshment  of  the  Russian-Danube 
Steamship  Navigation  and  has  ordered  the  same  to  be  put  in  force. 
(Signed)  The  President  of  the 

Imperial  Council,  Mikhail. 
June  10,  1903. 

1.  The  Resolution  of  the  Imperial  Council. 

The  Imperial  Council  in  its  joint  departments  of  industry,  sciences 
and  commerce,  laws  and  State  economy,  and  at  its  general  meeting 
after  having  considered  the  proposition  of  H.  I.  H.,  the  chief  of  the 
merchant  marine  and  ports,  in  regard  to  the  estabhshment  of  the 
Russian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation,  has  resolved: 

Sec.  1.  That  the  charter  of  the  Russian-Danube  Steamship  Navi- 
gation be  submitted  for  H.  I.  M.'s  approval. 

Sec.  2.  That  the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports  be  em- 
powered (1)  to  make  an  agreement  with  the  Liquidation  Commission 
of  the  Black  Sea-Danube  Steamship  Navigation  Company  in  regard 
to  the  acquisition  of  all  property  of  the  said  company  at  its  actual 
value  at  the  tune  of  transfer  to  Government  management,  and  (2)  to 
petition  by  the  budget  procedure  for  an  appropriation  for  the  year 
1904  to  settle  with  the  private  shareholders  of  the  Black  Sea-Danube 
Steamship  Navigation  Company  on  the  basis  indicated  above,  pro- 
vided, however,  that  they  shall  be  allowed  interest  at  the  rate  of 
4  per  cent  per  annum  over  and  above  the  amount  due  to  them  for  the 

1  Russia.  Kommis^id.  po  voprosu  o  mierakh  k  pooshchrejiiitl  russkago  torgovago  morekhodstva  i  sudostroenifdi. 
Istoricheskiio  bzor  pravitel  'stvennykh  mieroprimtii  dlS  razvitM  russkago  torgovago  morekhodstva.  St. 
Petersburg,  V.  Kirshbaum,  1895.    359.  47  p. 


10  FOREIGN   LEGISLATION   ON   THE   MERCHANT  MARINE. 

property  to  be  acquired  by  the  Government,  such  interest  to  be 
reckoned  from  the  date  of  transfer  up  to  the  date  of  actual  payment. 

Sec.  3.  That  there  be  granted  from  the  State  treasury  to  the 
Russian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation  Company  for  the  purchase  of 
new  ships  and  other  property,  1,000,000  rubles,  viz,  800,000  rubles 
in  1904,  and  200,000  rubles  in  1905. 

Sec.  4.  That  there  be  granted  from  the  State  treasury  to  the 
Russian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation  Company  a  subvention  of 
313,180  rubles  annually  for  ten  years,  from  1904  to  1913,  inclusive. 
That  for  the  current  year  the  fourth  department  of  the  special 
conference/  created  by  law  approved  March  22,  1903,  be  authorized 
to  expend  this  amount  for  the  same  purpose. 

The  original  opinion  has  been  signed  in  the  journals  by  the  chairman 
and  the  members. 

On  the  original,  by  the  hand  of  H.  I.  M.,  has  been  written  ''It  shall 
be  thus.'' 

Peterhof,  Jime  10,  1903. 

2.  Charter  of  the  Russian  Danube  Steamship  Navigation. 

A.   The  Rights  and  Duties  of  the  Steamship  Navigation. 

§  1.  The  Russian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation  has  for  its  pur- 
pose the  maintenance  of  communication  between  Odessa  and  Reni, 
and  also  on  the  river  Danube,  and  its  tributary,  the  Prut. 

§  2.  All  operations  of  the  Steamship  Navigation  are  to  be  carried 
on  upon  a  commercial  basis. 

§  3.  The  Steamship  Navigation  is  authorized,  in  compliance  with 
the  existing  laws,  ordinances,  and  rights  of  private  p3rsons,  and 
after  having  received,  if  necessary,  the  permission  of  the  proper 
authorities,  to  acquire  as  its  own  property  steamships  and  vessels  of 
any  kind,  as  well  as  to  construct  and  to  lease  buildings,  docks,  dry- 
docks,  shipyards,  steamships,  and  other  vessels,  piers,  mechanical 
apipliances  for  the  loading  and  unloading  of  goods,  factories,  and  coal 
mines,  and  also  to  lease  necessary  lands. 

§  4.  During  the  navigation  season  the  Russian-Danube  Steamship 
Navigation  shall  maintain — 

(1)  A  mail-freight-passenger  service  three  times  a  week  from 
Odessa  to  Vilkovo,  Kiiia,  Izmail,  Reni  via  the  Kilisk  branch  of  the 
Danube  delta,  and  return,  calling  at  each  of  these  ports. 

(2)  A  tug  freight  service  twice  a  week  from  Odessa  to  Vilkova, 
Kilia,  Izmail,  and  Reni,  and  return,  calling  at  each  of  these  ports. 

Note. — In  case  the  Kilisk  branch  is  not  navigable,  the  trips  on  the  Odessa- 
Reni  line  shall  be  maintained  via  the  Snlinsk  branch  of  the  Danube. 

(3)  A  daily  service  between  Reni,  Galatz,  Isaktscha,  Tultscha,  and 
Izmail. 

(4)  A  tug  freight  service  twice  a  week  from  Reni  to  Galatz,  Brailow, 
Girsova,  Tschernavodi,  Silistria,  Olenitza,  Turtiikai,  Zhurzhevo, 
Rushtschuk,  Sistova,  Ziminitza,  Turn-Magurelli,  Nikopol,  Samovit, 
Korabia,  Beket,  Rakhovo,  Lom-Palanka,  Viddin,  Kalafat,  Gruia, 
Raduievatz,  Turn-Severin,  and  Kladovo,  and  back  from  Kladovo  to 
Reni,  calling  at  the  same  ports. 

1  The  special  conference  was  created  for  the  purpose  of  devising  ways  and  means  for  the  development 
of  the  merchant  marine. 


FOREIGN   LEGISLATION    ON   THE    MERCHANT   MARINE.  11 

(5)  A  freight  service  on  the  River  Prut. 

In  addition  to  this,  the  Steamship  Navigation  is  authorized  to 
maintain  a  passenger  service  between  Batum  and  Galatz,  caUing  at 
E,ize  and  Trapezond,  and  return. 

Note  1. — The  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports  is  authorized  to  change 
the  ports  to  be  called  at  by  the  vessels  enumerated  in  this  (4th)  section. 

Note  2. — Independently  of  the  lines  mentioned  in  this  present  section,  the 
Russian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation  may  obtain  also  other  lines  within  the 
limits  indicated  in  §  1  of  this  present  charter. 

§  5.  The  steamship  navigation  shall  comply  with  the  existing 
regulations  in  regard  to  the  navigation  of  the  Danube  and  the  Prut. 

§  6.  The  schedule  of  the  freight-passenger  service  enumerated  in 
§  4  indicatirg  the  time  of  arrival  at  the  intermediate  points  and  time 
of  departure  from  them  shall  be  made  up  by  the  management  of  the 
Eussian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation  for  each  year  and  shall  be 
approved  by  the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports.  The 
schedule  of  the  mail-freight-passenger  trips  shall  be  approved  by  the 
chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports  after  consultation  with  the 
minister  of  the  interior.  The  approved  schedule  is  to  be  published 
for  the  information  of  the  public. 

Note. — The  opinion  of  the  minister  of  the  interior  relating  to  the  proposed 
trips  is  to  be  communicated  to  the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports  within 
a  month.  In  case  no  opinion  is  rendered  within  this  time,  this  shall  be  regarded 
as  acquiescence  to  the  proposed  schedule. 

§  7.  The  Russian-Danube  r  teamship  Navigation  shall  carry  on  its 
regular  trips  messengers,  field  scouts,  mail  and  mail  clerks,  and  offi- 
cers of  the  postal  telegraph  department  free  of  charge,  and  it  shall 
ha\  e  the  right  to  hoist  the  Russian  naail  flag  on  its  vessels. 

§  8.  The  mail-freight,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  postal  telegraph 
department,  shall  be  transported  in  the  holds  of  the  steamships  and 
in  cabins  specially  adapted  for  this  purpose,  and  shall  be  carefully 
guarded  by  the  otFicers  and  crew.  The  responsibility  for  the  safety 
of  the  m^ail-freight  shall  be  determined  by  the  regulations  issued  for 
this  purpose  for  the  railroads. 

§  9.  The  officers  of  the  war  and  navy  departments  transported  in 
corr  panics  by  order  of  the  military  commanders  shall  be  carried  with 
their  hand  brggage  at  half  rates,  pimilar  rebate  shall  be  allowed  to 
Government  freight,  to  the  packages  of  the  commissary  of  the  army, 
of  the  engineer  corps,  and  of  the  artillery,  and  to  all  supplies  of  the 
war  and  navy  departments. 

§10.  To  insure  speedy  embarkation  and  landing  of  passengers,  as 
well  as  loading  and  unloading  of  freight,  the  Russian-Danube  .Steam- 
ship Navigation  shall  have  convenient  piers  at  the  landing  places  of 
its  steamships. 

§  11.  The  order  and  conditions  of  receipt,  storage,  transfer  and 
delivery  of  freight,  as  well  as  the  responsibility  to  the  shippers  for  its 
safety  shall  be  determined  by  regulations  approved  bv  tne  chief  of 
the  merchant  marine  and  ports,  with  the  concurrence  ot  the  ministers 
of  finance  and  commmiications. 

§  12.  The  owner  of  any  freight  received  for  transportation  may, 
with  the  consent  of  the  steamship  navigation,  order  the  steamship 
navigation  to  sell  on  commission  a  part  or  the  whole  of  his  freight  at 
auction,  or  at  fixed  price.  The  order  of  such  sales,  as  well  as  the 
commission  rates,  shall  be  determined  by  the  management  of  the 


12  FOREIGN   LEGISLATION   ON   THE   MERCHANT  MARINE. 

Steamship  navigation.  The  steamship  navigation  may  also  under- 
take, at  the  order  of  the  shipper,  the  clearance  of  his  freight  from 
customs  duties. 

§  13.  The  steamship  navigation  may  issue  short-time  loans  from  its 
operating  capital  on  tne  security  of  goods  received  by  it  for  transpor- 
tation, provided  such  goods  are  insured  and  are  not  perishable,  buch 
loans  shall  be  issued  for  the  period  the  goods  are  in  transit  or  in  the 
warehouses  of  the  steamship  navigation,  to  the  amount  not  exceed- 
ing 60  per  cent  of  their  value,  such  value  to  be  determined  according 
to  the  prices  at  the  nearest  market.  The  terms  of  such  loans  shall  be 
indicated  on  the  papers  issued  on  receipt  of  the  goods  for  transporta- 
tion. 

§  14.  The  steamship  navigation  may  carry  on  commission  loan 
business  in  the  export  grain  trade  on  account  of  its  operating  capital 
in  compliance  with  existing  regulations. 

§  15.  The  loans  indicated  in  §§  13-14  may  be  issued  by  the  steam- 
ship navigation  only  upon  goods  of  Russian  origin  recei\  ed  by  it  for 
transportation  to  Kussian  ports.  The  details  of  the  issuance  and 
repayment  of  such  loans  shall  be  determined  by  special  regulations 
approved  by  the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports,  with  the 
concurrence  of  the  minister  of  finance  and  the  State  auditor. 

§  16.  The  steamship  navigation  is  authorized  to  insure  the  cargoes 
and  freight  carried  on  its  vessels  in  insurance  companies,  but  only  at 
the  risk  of  the  latter. 

§  17.  The  manegement  of  the  Russi^^n-Danube  Steamship  Navi- 
gation shrill  have  a  special  senl,  according  to  a  design  approved  by 
the  chief  of  the  merchiint  marine  and  ports. 

B.   The  resources  of  the  stearnsJiip  navigation. 

§  18.  The  resources  of  the  Russian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation 
shall  consist  of — 

(!)  The  grant  from  the  State  trep.sury  for  initial  equipment. 

(2)  The  income  received  from  commercial  operations. 

(3)  An  annual  subvention  from  the  State  treasury. 

§  19.  The  annual  subvention  from  the  State  treasury  to  the  Fus- 
sian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation  shall  from  time  to  time,  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports,  be 
fixed  for  a  definite  period  at  a  definite  amount  in  proportion  to  the 
obligations  imposed  upon  the  Steamship  Navigation  during  such 
period. 

§  20.  The  annual  subvention  from  the  State  treasury  shall  be  paid 
to  the  Steamship  Navigrition  in  the  month  of  January  for  the  whole 
of  the  ensuing  year. 

C.   The  management  of  the  steamship  navigation. 

§  21.  The  '  ussian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation  shall  be  under 
the  bureau  of  merchant  marine,  department  of  the  merchant  marine 
and  ports. 

§  22.  The  management  of  the  steamship  navigation  shall  be  en- 
trusted to  a  board.  The  domicile  of  the  board  shall  be  determined 
by  the  chief  of  the  merchant  mirine  and  ports  who  shall  submit  his 
ruling  on  that  subject  to  the  loverning  senate  for  publication. 


FOREIGN    LEGISLATION    ON   THE    MERCHANT   MARINE.  13 

§  23.  The  board  of  the  steamship  navigation  consists  of  the  chair- 
men,  two  members,  and  the  representative  of  the  State  auditor's 
office;  the  latter  without  a  vote. 

§  24.  In  passing  upon  business  relating  to  other  departments  than 
the  department  of  merchrnt  m^^rine  and  ports,  the  representatives 
of  such  departments  shall  be  invited  to  the  meetings  of  the  board 
and  have  the  right  to  vote. 

§  25.  The  enumeration  of  matters  subject  to  the  consideration 
of  the  board,  and  requiring  the  attendance  of  the  representatives  of 
other  departments,  shall  be  determined  by  the  chief  of  the  merchant 
mrrine  and  ports  with  the  concurrence  of  the  respective  departments. 

§  26.  The  chairman  and  members  of  the  board  shall  be  appointed 
by  the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports  and  the  representative 
of  the  State  auditor's  office  by  the  State  auditor. 

§  27.  The  immediate  supervision  over  the  affairs  of  the  Russian- 
Danube  Steamship  Navigation  and  the  carrying  out  of  all  decisions 
of  the  management  shall  be  entrusted  to  the  manager  of  the  steam- 
ship navigation,  to  be  appointed  by  the  board,  and  his  residence 
shall  be  in  the  city  of  Odessa.  The  manager  of  the  steamship  navi- 
gation shall  be  in  charge  of  the  head  office  and  of  the  affairs  of  the 
steamship  navigation  within  the  hmits  of  approved  budgets,  plans 
of  action,  and  instructions.  The  manager,  in  case  of  necessity,  shall 
be  invited  to  take  part  in  the  meetings  of  the  board  with  a  voice,  but 
with  no  vote. 

§  28.  In  case  of  sickness  or  temporary  absence  of  the  chairman  of 
the  board,  the  duties  shall  be  performed  by  one  of  the  members  of 
the  board  designated  by  the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports. 

Note.— In  case  one  of  the  members  of  the  board  becomes  acting  chairman, 
the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports  shall  appoint  a  temporary  substitute 
for  such  member.  In  a  similar  way  a  temporary  substitute  of  a  member  of  the 
board  shall  be  appointed  in  case  of  absence  or  sickness  of  one  of  them. 

§  29.  The  board  shall  meet  as  occasion  may  reciuire,  but  in  any 
case  at  least  once  a  week.  The  chairman  or  his  substitute  and 
two  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum.  The  proceedings  at  the 
board  meetings  shall  be  recorded  and  signed  by  all  present  at  the 
meetings  and  by  the  representative  of  the  State  auditor's  office. 

§  30.  The  decisions  of  the  board  shall  be  taken  by  majority  vote; 
in  case  of  a  tie  the  chairman  shaU  have  a  casting  vote. 

§31.  For  their  services  in  the  management  of  the  Russian-Danube 
Steamship  Navigation,  the  chairman,  the  members  of  the  board  as 
well  as  the  representative  of  the  State  auditor's  office,  shall  receive 
special  remuneration  from  the  funds  of  the  Steamship  Navigation — 
tne  first-named,  6,000  roubles  per  annum,  and  the  others  3,000 
roubles  per  annum  each.  In  case  the  persons  named  shall  be  in  the 
classified  State  service  at  a  fijxed  salary,  then,  in  addition  to  that 
salary,  the  chairman  shall  receive  3,000  roubles  and  the  members  of 
the  board  and  the  representative  of  the  State  auditor's  office  1,500 
roubles  per  annum  each. 

The  manager  of  the  Steamship  Navigation  shall  receive  from  the 
same  funds  an  annual  salary  of  8,000  roubles. 

§  32.  There  shaJl  be  an  accounting  and  bookkeeping  department 
at  the  head  office  for  the  transaction  of  business,  for  the  keeping 
of  money  and  other  accounts,  and  for  auditing  the  same  in  the  head 
office,  in  the  agencies,  and  on  board  of  the  vessels.     The  personnel 


14  FOREIGN   LEGISLATION   ON   THE   MERCHANT  MARINE. 

of  this  office  shall  be  appointed  ond  discharged  by  the  chairman  of 
the  board,  and  shall  be  under  his  immediate  supervision. 

§  33.  The  board  shall  handle  all  motters,  property,  and  funds 
of  the  ^  ussian-Danube  Steamship  Na violation,  m^ke  out  the  tariffs 
and  the  annual  plans  of  action,  annual  budgets  and  accounts,  and  it 
shall  have  supervision  over  the  transactions  of  the  man^'ger,  over 
the  employees  and  agents,  and  generally  over  all  affairs  of  the  Steam- 
ship Navigation. 

§  34.  All  correspondence  relating  to  the  business  of  the  Steamship 
Navigation  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  name  of  the  board.  Powers, 
agreements,  terms  of  sales  and  purchase,  deeds  and  other  acts  shall 
be  ma  de  in  the  name  of  the  board,  and  shall  be  signed  by  the  chairman 
and  one  of  the  members. 

§  35.  Money  and  property  transactions  of  the  Russian-Danube 
Steamship  Navigation,  as  well  as  its  accounts,  shall  be  subject  to 
auditing  by  the  State  auditor  s  ofFce  in  accordance  with  special  reg- 
ulations to  be  issued  by  the  State  auditor  with  the  concurrence  of  the 
chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports. 

§  36.  The  State  auditors  o'i  ce  shall  have  the  right  to  examine  at 
any  time  the  funds  and  the  property  of  the  steamship  navigation. 

§  37.  The  fiscal  year  of  the  Russian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation 
shall  begin  on  January  1st.  For  each  year  the  board  shall  prepare, 
not  later  than  the  following  March,  an  annual  report  on  the  operations 
of  the  steamship  navigation  and  an  account  of  its  transactions  to  be 
submitted  for  the  approval  of  the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and 
ports. 

Not  later  than  November  of  each  year  the  board  shall  submit  for 
the  approval  of  the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and  ports  a  budget 
and  a  plan  of  action  for  the  following  year. 

§  38.  After  the  approval  of  the  annual  report  (§37)  from  the  net 
income,  i.  e.,  from  the  balance,  if  any,  after  payment  of  all  expenses 
and  losses,  there  shall  be  set  aside : 

(a)  For  the  sinking  fund — 

Not  less  than  10  per  cent  of  the  initial  value  of  worn-out  ships  and 
piers,  5  per  cent  of  the  value  of  the  iron  ships  and  machinery,  3  per 
cent  of  trie  value  of  the  stone  structures,  and  1  per  cent  of  the  value 
of  other  movable  property  up  to  the  time  of  the  full  extinction  of 
these  values. 

(b)  For  the  insurance  fimd,  not  less  than  3  per  cent  of  the  initial 
value  of  the  steamships  and  barges. 

The  amount  remaining  shall  represent  the  net  profit,  from  which 
not  more  than  30  per  cent  shall  be  reserved  for  additional  remunera- 
tion of  the  board  and  of  the  employees  of  the  steamship  navigation, 
such  remuneration  not  to  exceed  50  per  cent  of  their  annual  salaries ; 
20  per  cent  of  this  net  profit  shall  be  p.id  into  the  loan  aid  fund  of  the 
employees,  and  the  rest  shall  go  to  the  reserve  fund.  The  regula- 
tions as  to  the  order  of  expending  the  i  pportionments  to  be  made  for 
the  sinking  fund  of  the  inventory  and  as  to  the  insiu'ance  of  the  prop- 
erty shall  be  approved  by  the  chief  of  the  merchant  marine  and 
ports,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  minister  of  finance  and  the  State 
auditor. 

§  39.  The  apportionments  to  the  insurance  fund  shall  be  stopped 
when  its  total  sum  shall  reach  one-third  of  the  initial  value  of  all 
vessels  of  the  steamship  navigation.     But  in  case  of  expending  a 


FOREIGN   LEGISLATIOlSr   ON  THE   MERCHANT   MARINE. 


15 


part  of  this  latter  fund  for  the  purchase  of  a  new  vessel  to  replace  one 
which  has  been  lost,  or  in  case  of  averages,  this  fund  shall  again  be 
increased  to  the  amount  indicated  above  by  means  of  the  specified 
apportionments  from  the  profits  of  the  steamship  navigation. 

§  40.  The  insurance  fund  shall  be  used  for  the  purchase  of  new 
vessels  to  replace  those  which  are  lost  and  for  covermg  expenditures 
on  averages  resulting  from  collisions. 

§  41.  The  reserve  fund  shall  be  used  for  the  expansion  of  the  busi- 
ness and  for  meeting  unforeseen  expenses.  Expenditures  from  the 
reserve  fund  shall  not  be  made  except  by  permission  of  the  chief  of 
the  merchant  marine  and  ports  with  the  concurrence  of  the  minister 
of  finance  and  of  the  State  auditor. 

(Signed)  The  President  of  the 

Imperial  Council,  Mikhail. 

The  steamers  of  the  Russian-Danube  Steamship  Navigation  January,  1914. 


No. 

■ 

Name. 

When 
built. 

Tonnage. 

Horse- 

Gross. 

Net. 

power. 

1 

Bessarabetz. . ..        ..                          ... 

1891 
1886 
1896 
1907 
1900 
1889 
1904 
1892 
1906 
1889 
1907 
1899 
1869 
1888 

286 
617 
272 

1,481 
171 
205 

1,216 

77 

48 

180 

1,078 
268 
142 
144 

125 

358 
97 

22 

719 

27 

13 

55 

618 

107 

42 

17 

600 

2 

Bolgaria 

450 

3 

Belgrad 

550 

4 

Vftlikii  Kniaz  AlRxandr  MilrhaTlnyioh 

3,000 
450 
450 

6 
6 

Vilkovo 

Graf  Ignatiev 

7 

Moriak 

750 

8 

Patriot... 

160 

9 

Prut 

150 

10 

Rumynia .                         .   . 

450 

11 

Russ. 

1  260 

12 

Sv.  Sergii • 

'550 

13 

Serbia 

350 

14 

Shevtschenko. 

220 

Total 

6,334 

2,776 

9,390 

Note.— Vessels  Nos.  1, 3,  5, 8,  9, 10, 12, 13,  and  14  are  registered  at  the  port  of  Reni.  Vessels  Nos.  2,  4,  6, 
7,  and  11  are  registered  at  the  port  of  Odessa. 

Source:  RUSSIA.  Ministerstvo  Torgovli  i  Promyshlennosti.  Otdel  Torgovavo  Moreplavania.  Marine 
marchanderusse.    Repertoire  des  b&timentsaul»«' Janvier  1914.    St.  Petersbiurg  (Petrograd),  1914.  p.  247. 

HE565R9A44 

ra. 

THE  VOLUNTEER  FLEET. 


1.  Special  committee  to  collect  donations  for  building  fleet. 

a.  Vessels  to  be  used  in  commerce  and  as  auxiliary  cruisers. 

b.  Excluded  from  navy  but  used  as  transports  for  troops. 

c.  After  Russo-Turkish  War,  services  to  Pacific  ports. 

2.  Volunteer  Fleet  Company  organized  in  1879. 

3.  Company  dissolved;  fleet  placed  under  navy  department  committee  in  1883. 

4.  Government  regulations  of  1886,  1892,  1902,  1908. 

a.  Number  of  voyages  prescribed. 

b.  Mileage  bounties. 

5.  Law  of  1911. 

a.  Additional  services  estabUshed. 

b.  Annual  subvention. 

c.  New  steamships  to  be  built  in  Russian  shipyards. 

d.  Government  loan  without  interest. 

e.  Bounties  to  Russian  shipyards. 


16  FOREIGN   LEGISLATION    ON   THE  MEBCHANT  MARINE. 

G.  Text  of  new  charter  and  by-laws  of  1912. 

a.  General  provisions. 

b.  Obligations  and  rights. 

c.  Operations. 

d.  Auditing  of  operations. 

e.  Accounts  and  distribution  of  profits. 

f.  Management  of  the  fleet. 

1.  Council. 

2.  Board  of  directors. 

3.  Managing  director. 

g.  Personnel. 

7.  Steamers  of  the  volunteer  fleet  January,  1914. 

8.  Recent  proposed  legislation, 

1878. — On  April  11,  1878,  a  special  committee  under  the  chairman- 
ship of  the  crown  prince  was  created  for  the  collection  of  donations 
for  the  building  of  the  volunteer  fleet,  whose  vessels  were  to  be  used 
both  for  commercial  navigation  and  as  auxiliary  cruisers.  In  1878 
four  armed  transports,  with  a  total  tonnage  of  3,200,  and  having  a 
speed  of  from  13  to  14^  knots  per  hour,  were  equipped.  After  the 
Berhn  treaty  of  1878  these  transports  were  excluded  from  the  navy 
rolls  and  were  used  for  the  transportation  of  troops  between  the 
gulfs  of  the  Black  Sea.  After  the  end  of  the  campaign  they  were 
pressed  into  commercial  service  and  began  trips  to  the  ports  of  the 
Pacific. 

1879. — On  May  9,  1879,  the  Volunteer  Fleet  Co.  was  organized  in 
place  of  the  special  committee  on  donations,  etc.,  which  had  been 
abohshed.  Among  the  ex  officio  members  of  this  new  company  were 
the  presidents  of  the  St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow  provincial  and  dis- 
trict Zemstvo  executive  boards,  the  chairmen  of  the  St.  Petersburg 
and  Moscow  Stock  Exchanges,  the  mayors  of  St.  Petersburg  and  Mos- 
cow, and  the  elders  of  the  merchant,  burgher,  and  artisan  corporations 
of  both  capitals. 

1883. — In  1883  the  Volunteer  Fleet  Co.  was  abolished  and  its 
affairs  were  placed  under  the  charge  of  the  minister  for  the  navy. 
At  the  same  time  there  was  organized  a  special  committee  on  ways 
and  means  for  establishing  regular  service  between  the  ports  of  the 
Pacific  by  the  vessels  of  the  volunteer  fleet.  Two  propositions  were 
advanced  among  the  members  of  that  committee :  One  was  to  transfer 
all  affairs  of  the  volunteer  fleet  to  a  private  company;  the  other  to 
enroU  all  ships  of  the  volunteer  fleet  into  the  navy.  Both  propo- 
sitions were,  however,  defeated  and  the  volunteer  fleet  was  placed 
under  a  special  committee,  organized  at  the  navy  department,  con- 
sisting of  representatives  of  the  navy,  of  the  ministry  of  finance,  and 
of  the  state  auditor's  office. 

1886.— "Vh-Q  statute  on  the  volunteer  fleet  of  February  24,  1886, 
provided  for  seven  voyages  annually,  four  trips  between  Odessa 
and  Vladivostok  via  Hankow,  touching  at  Constantinople,  Port  Said, 
Aden,  Singapore,  and  Nagasaki;  two  trips  between  Odessa  and  Post 
Due,  on  the  island  SakhaUn,  and  return  through  the  same  ports  and 
touching  at  Post  Korsakov;  one  trip  between  Odessa  and  Vladivostok 
and  return  via  Hongkong;  in  aU,  a  distance  of  141,000  miles.  The 
mileage  bounty  was  placed  at  4.25  rubles  per  mile,  not  exceeding 
599,250  rubles  per  annum,  for  a  period  of  six  years.  The  volunteer 
fleet  had  in  1886  seven  steamships  worth  over  $2,000,000. 

1892. — The  decree  of  January  6,  1892,  continued  the  annual  sub- 
sidy of  600,000  rubles,  or  4.25  rubles  per  mile  for  10  years. 


FOREIGN    LEGISLATION    ON    THE    MEKCHANT   MARINE.  l7 

?. — ^The  law  of  Feb.  4,  1902,  confirming  the  new  statute  of  the 
volunteer  fleet,  carried  an  annual  subvention  of  600,000  rubles  for  ten 
years  and  placed  the  volunteer  fleet  completely  under  Government 
control. 

The  full  text  of  the  statute  is  translated  in:  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  House  of 
Commons.  Report  from  the  Select  Committee  on  Steamship  Subsidies.  Lon- 
don, 1902.     (165.)    p.  259-260.     Appendix  No.  28. 

1908. — The  law  of  June  15,  1908,  relating  to  an  agreement  with 
the  volunteer  fleet  on  the  steamship  services  in  the  Far  East  {So- 
hranie  UzaJconenii,  pt.  I,  No.  117,  August  8,  1908,  p.  1803),  estab-' 
lished  for  eleven  years  beginning  June  15,  1908,  the  following: 

(1)  Vladivostok-Tsuruga,  twice  a  week,  101,820  miles  per  year. 

(2)  Vladivostok-Shanghai,  via  Fasan  and  Nagasaki,  once  a  week, 
118,560  miles  per  j^ear. 

The  speed  was  to  be  not  less  than  14  miles  an  hour.  The  sub- 
ventions for  these  2  services  for  the  years  from  1908  to  1919  were 
fixed  as  follows : 

Rubles. 

1908 283,333 

1909 800,000 

1910 * 693,000 

1911 672,  OOa 

1912 651,000 

1913 630,000 

1914 - 609,000 

1915 588,000 

1916.... 567,000 

1917 546,000 

1918 525,000 

1919 340,667 

Also  14  voyages  between  Vladivostok  and  Nikolaievsk  during  the 
period  from  June  15,  1908,  to  June  15,  1909,  were  provided  for  by  a 
subvention  of  75,000  roubles. 

1911. — The  law  of^arch  29,  1911,  relating  to  the  steamship  service 
between  Vladivostok  and  the  ports  on  the  Okhotsk  and  Bering  Seas 
and  the  ports  along  the  Tartar  Straits  (Sohranie  Uzakonenii,  pt.  I, 
No.  67,  April  15,  1911,  p.  885)  empowered  the  Minister  of  Commerce 
and  Manufactures  to  assign  to  the  Volunteer  Fleet  the  estabUshment 
of  the  following  regular  steamship  services: 

(1)  Between  Vladivostok  and  the  ports  of  the  Okhotsk  and  Bering 
seas,  covering  55,000  miles  per  annum  and  using  four  steamships. 

(2)  In  the  Tartar  Straits  (a)  between  Vladivostok  and  Nikolaievsk 
on  the  Amur  River,  12  voyages  during  the  navigation  season,  and  (b) 
between  Vladivostok  and  Post  Alexaiidrovsk,  4  voyages  during  the 
navigation  season,  using  two  steamships. 

The  speed  of  the  vessels  was  to  be  not  less  than  10  knots  an  hour. 
The  subvention  for  the  above  services  was  fixed  at  331,000  roubles 
for  1912;  for  the  following  years  the  amount  was  to  be  determined 
by  the  general  budget  procedure. 

In  addition,  the  volunteer  fleet  was  required  (§5)  to  place  orders 
with  Russian  shipyards  for  six  new  steamships,  each  with  a  freight 
capacity  of  not  less  than  82,000  cubic  feet  and  drawing  not  more  than 
15  feet  of  water  when  loaded,  and  also  having  accommodation  for 
not  less  than  10  first-class,  30  second-class,  an*!  300  steerage  pas- 

76813—15 2  .,i:^ 


1®  FOKEIGN   LEGISLATION   ON   THE  MERCHANT   MARINE. 

sengers.  To  enable  this  shipbuilding  program  to  be  .carried  out,  the 
following  financial  clauses  are  included  in  the  law: 

§  7.  The  State  treasury  shall  advance  to  the  volunteer  fleet,  for 
the  purchase  of  the  six  new  steamships  mentioned  in  §  5,  a  loan  of 
3,060,000  rubles  without  interest  charge,  viz:  In  1912,  1,530,000 
rubles,  and  in  1913,  1,530,000  rubles;  upon  the  condition  that  this 
loan  shall  be  repaid  during  20  years,  beginning  with  the  year  1914, 
by  equal  annual  installments. 

§  8.  The  State  treasury  shall  place  at  the  disposal  of  the  minister 
©f  commerce  and  manufactures  the  sum  of  1,800,000  rubles,  for 
shipbuilding  bounties  to  shipyards,  which  shall  be  charged  with  the 
building  of  the  six  steamships*^meQtioned  in  §  5,  viz:  In  1912,  900,000 
rubles,  and  in  1913,  900,000  rubles. 

1912. — A  new  charter  and  by-laws  of  the  volunteer  fleet  went  into 
force  July  5,  1913,  by  law  approved  by  the  Imperial  Council  and  the 
Duma.     A  translation  of  the  full  text  follows: 

Laws  1912,  ch.  1350. 
[Translated  from  Sobranie  UzaTconenii,  pt.  I,  no.  152,  p.  2845,  July  18,  1912.] 

§  1.  The  statute  on  the  volunteer  fleet  appended  hereto  shall  be 
approved. 

§  2.  Section  5  of  article  372  of  the  statute  on  direct  taxation  {Svod 
Zakonov,  vol.  5,  edition  of  1903)  shall  read  as  follows:    • 

Article  372:  §  5.  Not  subject  to  the  State  tax  on  manufactures: 
(6)  The  volunteer  fleet. 

'^  (Signed)  The  President  of  the 

Imperial  Council,  M.  Akimov." 

On  the  original,  by  the  hand  of  H.  I.  M.,  is  signed,  ''It  shall  be 
thus.'' 

On  the  yacht  Standard,  July  5,  1912. 
Certified:  Secretary  of  State,  Kryzhanovski. 

Charter  and  By-laws  of  the  Volunteer  Fleet. 

/.  General  Provisions. 

§  1.  The  volimteer  fleet  is  an  enterprise  founded  upon  contribu- 
tions and  has  for  its  purpose  the  maintenance  of  maritime  steamship 
communications  for  the  transportation  of  passengers  and  freight  in 
order  to  help  the  development  of  Russian  commerce  and  merchant 
marine. 

§  2.  The  volimteer  fleet  shall  be  under  the  supervision  of  the 
minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures. 

§  3.  The  operations  of  the  Volunteer  Fleet  shall  be  conducted  on  a 
business  basis.  For  all  biUs  and  demands  made  upon  it  the  volunteer 
fleet  shall  be  liable  with  all  its  property,  both  movable  and  immov- 
able. 

§  4.  In  proportion  to  the  obligations  imposed  upon  the  volimteer 
fleet  by  the  Government,  the  Fleet  may  receive  subventions  from 
the  State  treasury,  such  subventions  to  be  applied  for  and  appropri- 
ated by  legislative  procedure  for  a  definite  period  in  a  definite  amount. 


FOREIGN    LEGISLATION    ON    THE    MERCHANT   MARINE.  19 

§  5.  The  assets  of  the  volunteer  fleet  shall  consist  of — 

(a)  Sums  obtroined  from  the  former  Volunteer  Fleet  Company; 

(&)  Donations; 

(c)  Income  from  commercial  operations ; 

(d)  The  subvention  paid  by  the  State  treasury. 

§  6.  The  volunteer  fleet  shall  have  a  special  flag. 

II.  Obligations  of  the  volunteer  iJeet  toward  the  Government  and  rights 

of  the  fleet. 

^  7.  In  case  of  a  partial  or  general  mobilization,  as  weU  as  in  other 
emergency,  every  vessel  and  any  property  on  shore  belonging  to  the 
volunteer  fleet  shall  be  transferred,  by  the  order  of  the  minister  of 
commerce  and  manufactures,  for  the  temporary  use  or  into  fuU 
possession  of  the  war  and  navy  departments.  The  conditions  of 
transfer  of  the  vessels  and  of  the  property  on  shore  shall  be  deter- 
mined by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures  with  the  con- 
currence of  the  ministers  of  war  and  of  the  navy,  and  also  of  the 
minister  of  finance  and  of  the  State  auditor. 

Note. — Upon  the  publication  of  the  regulations  on  the  military  navigation 
service  the  property  of  the  volunteer  fleet  and  its  personnel  shall  serve  the  needs 
of  the  war  and  navy  departments  according  to  the  above-named  regulations. 

§  8.  Government  employees  travehng  on  duty,  mihtary  pereons, 
emigrants,  and  passengers  generaUy  transferred  by  orders  of  the 
Government  as  well  as  Government  cargoes  and  mails,  shaU  be  car- 
ried on  aU  hues  maintained  by  the  volunteer  fleet  according  to  rules 
determined  by  special  agreements  made  between  the  management  of 
the  volunteer  fleet  and  the  respective  departments,  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures. 

§  9.  In  case  of  equal  bids  for  the  transportation  of  soldiers  and 
State  cargoes  of  the  Government  departments,  the  volunteer  fleet 
shaU  have  preference  over  all  other  navigation  enterprises. 

///.  Operations  of  the  volunteer  fl^et. 

§  10.  For  the  organization  of  maritime  steamship  communication 
(§  1)  the  volunteer  fleet  is  authorized  to  ow;i,  construct,  and  lease 
buildirgs,  wharves,  docks,  steamships,  and  other  vessels  of  all  kinds, 
piers,  shipj^ards,  dry  docks,  landing  places,  mechanical  appliances 
for  the  loading  and  unloading  of  frei^t,  factories,  coal  mines,  naphtha 
works,  and  to  own  or  lease  any  other  necessary  movable  and  immov- 
able property. 

§  11.  The  liability  of  the  volunteer  fleet  for  loss  or  damage  of 
freight,  or  for  violation  of  the  terms  of  agreements  as  to  freight 
dehvery,  shall  be  determined  in  accordance  with  existing  law  and  in 
accordance  with  the  agreements  made  between  the  volunteer  fleet 
and  the  shippers.  These  terms  shall  be  indicated  on  the  bills  of 
lading  and  freight  receipts.  The  regulations  relating  to  the  general 
conditions  of  such  liability,  and  to  the  methods  and  terms  of  carrying 
passengers  and  baggage,  as  well  as  the  regulations  on  the  receipt  and 
storage,  transfer  and  delivery  of  freight,  shall  be  fixed  by  the  manage- 
ment  and   exhibited  in   the  head   office,   branch  offices,    agencies, 


£0  FOREIGN    LEGISLATION    ON    THE   MERCHANT   MARINE. 

landing  places,  and  vessels  of  the  volunteer  fleet.  The  minister  of 
commerce  and  manufactures  is  authorized  to  annul  any  of  the 
aforesaid  regulations  which  shall  be  found  contrary  to  law  and  in- 
consistent with  the  interests  of  the  State  or  of  the  community,  or 
with  the  needs  of  industry  and  commerce. 

Note, — ^The  regulations  issued  according  to  this  (11th)  section,  upon  their 
presentation  to  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures,  shall  at  the  same 
time  be  transmitted  to  the  ministers  of  the  navy  and  of  war,  who,  if  they  find  it 
necessary  to  revoke  any  of  the  provisions  therein,  shall  so  inform  the  minister  of 
commerce  and  manufactures. 

§  12.  The  volunteer  fleet  enjoys  in  regard  to  the  cargo  which  it 
has  undertaken  to  transport  the  rights  indicated  in  section  819  ^^  of 
the  code  of  commerce  {8vod  Zakonov,  Vol.  II,  Part  II,  supplements 
of  1910),  the  right  to  sell  the  whole  cargo  or  a  part  of  it,  in  cases 
provided  by  section  819  ^^  of  the  same  code,  as  well  as  the  right  to 
sell  damaged  or  undamaged  freight  or  part  of  it  for  the  settlement 
of  accounts  with  the  shipper  for  damages. 

§  13.  The  sale  of  the  cargo  shall  be  effected  according  to  the  regula- 
tions provided  by  sections  819  i*-819  ^*  of  the  code  of  commerce 
{Svod  Zakonov  J  Vol.  XII,  Part  II,  supplements  of  1910). 

§  14.  In  foreign  ports,  before  executing  the  sale  of  the  cargo,  the 
volunteer  fleet  shall  notify  the  Russian  consul,  and  in  case  of  need 
shall  accept  his  instructions  and  cooperation. 

§  15.  The  volunteer  fleet  is  authorized  to  undertake  any  kind  of 
commission  business  as  regards  purchase  and  sale  of  goods  to  be 
received  for  transportation  by  the  fleet,  as  well  as  the  clearance  of 
such  goods  from  customs  duties.  The  issuance  of  regulations  govern- 
ing the  sale  of  commission  goods  according  to  the  existing  enactments 
on  commercial  intjermediaries  {Svod  Zakonov,  Vol.  XI,  Part  II. 
commercial  code,  sections  54  ^-54  ^^^  supplements  of  1910),  and 
the  approval  of  commission  rates  to  be  charged  for  all  of  the  above- 
named  operations  shall  be  within  the  discretion  of  the  management 
of  the  fleet. 

§  16.  The  volunteer  fleet  may  issue  short-time  loans  upon  freight 
which  is  not  easily  damaged  and  which  is  insured  and  carried  by  the 
volunteer  fleet  during  periods  while  such  freight  is  either  in  transit 
or  in  the  warehous-^s  of  the  volunteer  fl?et  to  an  amount  not  exceed- 
ing 60  per  cent  of  the  value  of  the  goods.  Such  loans  may  be  issued 
by  the  volunteer  fleet  upon  the  security  of  goods  of  both  Russian 
and  foreign  origin. 

The  terms  of  the  issuance  and  of  the  repayment  of  loans  shall  be 
determined  by  the  volunteer  fleet  by  agreement  with  the  borrowers, 
provided  that  such  terms  shall  not  run  contrary  to  law  or  to  the 
regulations  of  the  present  charter. 

The  volunteer  flset,  as  regards  such  loans,  shaU  enjoy  the  rights 
laid  down  by  sections  819^^-819-®  of  the  Commercial  Code  (Svod 
Zakonov,  Vol.  XI,  Part  II,  Supplements  of  1910),  subject  to  the  pro- 
visions of  §§  13  and  14  of  the  present  charter. 

§  17.  The  details  of  the  issuance  and  repayment  of  loans  (§16) 
shall  be  determined  by  special  rules  to  be  approved  by  the  minister 
of  commerce  and  manufactures,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  minister 
of  finance  and  the  State  auditor. 

§  18.  The  volunteer  fleet  is  permitted  to  insure  the  freight  to  be 
transported  by  its  vessels  in  insurance  companies  in  the  name  and  to 
the  account  of  the  shippers  and  according  to  their  instructions. 


FOREIGN    LEGISLATION    ON    THE    MERCHANT    MARINE.  21 

IV.  Audit  of  the  operations  of  the  volunteer  fleet. 

§  i9.  The  money  operations  and  other  business  of  the  volunteer 
fleet,  as  well  as  its  accounts,  are  subject  to  auditing  by  the  State 
auditor  according  to  special  rules  laid  down  by  the  state  auditor, 
with  the  concurrence  of  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures. 
The  amount  necessary  for  the  organization  of  such  auditing  shall  be 
determined  by  the  state  auditor,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  minister 
of  commerce  and  manufactures,  and  shall  be  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  state  auditor  from  the  funds  of  the  volunteer  fleet. 

§  20.  AU  remarks  of  the  state  auditor  shall  be  communicated  to 
the  management  of  the  volunteer  fleet.  If  the  explanations  of  this 
management  shall  be  found  unsatisfactory  by  the  state  auditor, 
then  the  controversy"  thus  arisen  shall  be  settled  by  the  minister  of 
commerce  and  manufactures,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  state 
auditor. 

§  21.  The  state  auditor  is  authorized  to  examine  the  money 
accounts  and  other  property  for  the  volunteer  fleet. 

V.  Accounts  and  Distribution  of  Profits. 

§  22.  The  plan  of  operations  aiid  budget  for  each  year  shall  be 
made  up  by  the  management  of  the  volunteer  fleet,  and  shall  be  sub- 
mitted for  the  approval  of  the  council  of  the  fleet  not  later  than 
November  1st  of  the  preceding  year.  The  said  plan  and  budget  shall 
be  approved  by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures. 

§  23.  The  fiscal  year  of  the  volunteer  fleet  shall  extend  from 
January  1st  to  December  31st,  inclusive.  Detailed  accounts  of  the 
operations  of  the  fleet  for  each  year  and  the  annual  report  of  the 
management  shall  be  submitted  on  January  1st  of  the  following  year 
to  the  State  auditor,  and  then  it  shall  be  submitted,  together  with  the 
remarks  of  the  latter,  for  the  approval  of  the  council  of  the  volunteer 
fleet.  The  accounts  and  the  report  shall  then  be  approved  by  the 
minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures,  and,  as  approved  and  sub- 
mitted by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures  to  the  cabinet 
of  ministers,  they  shall  be  published  in  parts  for  general  information. 

§  24.  From  the  profits  of  the  volunteer  fleet  the  following  shall 
be  provided  for:  The  sinking  fund  of  the  property,  the  insurance 
fund  (for  the  steamships  of  the  fleet),  and  the  reserve  fund.  For 
th9  sinking  fund  and  for  the  insurance  fund  there  shall  be  set 
aside  annually,  for  the  former,  5  per  cent  of  the  initial  cost  of  iron 
ships,  3  per  cent  of  the  initial  cost  of  stone  and  brick  buildings,  and 
10  per  cent  of  the  initial  cost  of  wooden  ships  and  buildings,  also  of 
machinery  and  all  other  movable  property;  for  the  latter,  2  per  cent 
from  the  balance  value  of  the  ships.  To  the  reserve  fund  shall  be 
transferred  the  amount  of  the  annual  profits  remaining  after  the 
deductions  for  the  sinking  fund,  for  the  insurance  fund,  and  also 
for  the  bonuses  to  the  employees  of  the  volunteer  fleet  (§  26). 

Note. — The  profits  of  the  volunteer  fleet  shall  be  the  gross  earnings  after 
deducting  all  operating  expenses  and  losses. 

§  25.  The  deductions  provided  for  in  the  previous  (24th)  section 
for  the  benefit  of  the  sinking  fund  of  the  vessels  (iron  and  wooden) 


22  FOKEIGN    LEGISLATION    ON    THE   MERCHANT    MARINE. 

shall  be  discontinued  for  vessels  whose  balance  value  shall  equal 
5  per  cent  of  their  initial  cost. 

The  deductions  for  the  insurance  fund  (§  24)  shall  be  discontinued 
when  its  total  amount  shall  reach  one- third  of  the  initial  value  of  all 
vessels  of  the  fleet.  In  case  of  using  any  j)art  of  this  fund  for  the 
purchase  of  a  new  vessel  to  replace  one  which  has  been  lost,  or  for 
the  settling  of  balances  for  averages  (§  28),  the  insurance  fund  shall 
be  again  increased  by  apportionments  from  profits  up  to  the  amount 
indicated  above. 

§  26.  From  the  profits  of  the  volunteer  fleet  remaining  after  the 
deductions  made  according  to  §  24  there  may  be  paid  out,  after 
the  approval  of  the  accounts  by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manu- 
factures, an  additional  remuneration  to  the  chairman  and  members 
of  the  board  of  directors,  the  managing  director,  and  other  employees 
of  the  fleet  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  50  per  cent  of  the  salary  of 
each. 

§  27.  The  additional  remuneration  (§  26)  to  the  chairman  and 
members  of  the  board  of  directors,  as  well  as  to  the  managing  director^ 
shall  be  fixed  by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufacturers,  and 
to  the  rest  of  the  employees  by  the  management  within  the  hmits  of 
the  amount  apportioned  for  this  purpose  by  the  minister  of  com- 
merce and  manufactures. 

§  28.  The  insurance  fund  of  the  volunteer  fleet  shall  be  used 
for  the  purchase  and  building  new  ships  to  replace  those  which 
have  been  lost,  and  also  for  covering  the  expenses  for  averages^ 

§  29.  The  reserve  fund  of  the  volunteer  fleet  shall  be  used — 

(1)  For  the  purchase  and  for  the  building  of  new  vessels  to  replace 
those  worn  out  ; 

(2)  Substantial  repairs  of  vessels,  machinery,  and  boilers,  and  for 
replacing  old  boilers  by  new  ones ; 

(3)  For  improvements  of  the  water-front  structures ; 

(4)  For  the  purchase  of  real  estate  and  for  the  construction  of 
necessary  buildings; 

(5)  For  the  issuance  of  loans  on  goods  as  provided  by  §§  16  and  IT 
of  the  present  charter;  and 

(6)  For  the  expansion  of  business. 

§  30.  Questions  as  to  the  assignment  of  the  expenditures  during 
the  year  to  the  sinking  fund,  the  insurance  fund,  and  to  the  reserve 
fund  are  to  be  settled  by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufac- 
tures, with  the  concurrence  of  the  minister  of  finance  ^nd  the  State 
auditor. 

§  31.  The  free  assets  of  the  volimteer  fleet  shall  be  invested  in 
Government  securities,  or  in  securities  guaranteed  by  the  Government, 
and  shall  be  placed  in  the  State  bank  for  safe-keeping.  The  amounts 
necessary  for  the  operations  of  the  fleet  may  be  kept  on  current  ac- 
counts in  the  State  bank,  and  also  in  private  banks  according  to  the 
instructions  of  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufacture. 

VI.   The  management  of  the  volunteer  fleet. 

§  32.  The  m.aiiagem.ent  of  the  volunteer  fleet  shall  be  entrusted 
to  a  council,  a  board  of  directors,  and  a  managing  director  according 
to  provisions  laid  down  by  the  present  charter. 


FOREIGN    LEGISLATION    ON    THE    MERCHANT   MARINE.  23 

1.  The  council  of  the  volunteer  fleet. 

§  33.  The  council  of  the  volunteer  fleet  shall  consist  of  a  chair- 
man, appointed  by  the  minister  of  com.merce  and  manufactures,  and 
thirteen  members,  of  whom  five  shall  be  appointed,  one  each  by  the 
heads  of  the  following  departments,  namely,  commerce  and  manu- 
factures, war,  navy,  finance,  and  the  State  auditor's  office,  and 
eight  shall  be  elected  for  three  fiscal  years  (§  23),  one  by  each  of  the 
following :  The  Imperial  Society  for  the  Aid  of  the  Russian  Merchant 
Marine,  the  Council  of  the  Conventions  of  Representatives  of  In- 
dustry and  Trade,^  the  Council  of  the  Conventions  of  Representatives 
of  the  Stock  Exchange  and  Agriculture,  and  the  boards  of  the  stock 
exchanges  of  Moscow,  St.  Petersburg  (Petrograd),  Odessa,  Libau, 
and  Vladivostok.  The  chairman  and  members  of  the  board  of 
directors,  and  the  managing  director  shall  be  exofficio  members  of 
the  council  and  they  shall  have  the  right  to  speak. 

Note  1. — In  case  of  sickness  or  temporary  absence  of  the  chairman  of  the 
council,  his  duties  shall  be  performed  by  the  member  of  the  council  designated 
by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures. 

Note  2. — The  following  persons  cannot  be  elected  members  of  the  council: 
Aliens,  ship  owners  and  persons  in  the  management  of  or  employed  by,  or  serving 
as  agents  of,  other  navigation  enterprises,  and  also  Jews. 

§  34.  Of  the  eight  elected  members  of  the  council  there  shaU  retire 
according  to  seniority:  During  each  of  the  first  two  years  of  every 
tricnnium  three  members,  and  during  the  last  year  of  the  triennium, 
two  members.  In  case  of  equal  seniority,  the  order  of  retirement 
shall  be  decided  by  lot.  The  retiring  members  of  the  council  shall 
be  eligible  for  reelection. 

§  35.  For  the  decisions  of  the  council  to  be  valid  the  presence  of 
not  less  than  seven  members  shall  be  required.  Business  shall  be 
transacted  by  majority  vote,  and  in  case  of  a  tie  the  chairman  shall 
have  a  casting  vote.  A  member  of  council  dissenting  from  its 
decision,  may  demand  that  his  dissenting  opinion  be  recorded. 

§  36.  The  council  shall  convene  as  occasion  may  require  or  when- 
ever the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures  or  the  chairman  of 
the  council  may  deem  it  necessary. 

§  37.  The  council  shall  pass  upon  the  following  matters: 

(1)  Plans  of  action,  proposed  budgets,  reports  of  the  management 
and  accounts; 

(2)  Proposals  of  the  management  relating  to  the  opening  of  new 
lines  and  the  closing  of  those  in  operation;  and 

(3)  Assignment  of  the  expenses  of  the  enterprise  to  the  reserve 
fund  (§  30). 

All  matters  requiring  the  consideration  of  the  council  shaU  be  sub- 
mitted, with  its  decisions  thereon,  for  the  approval  of  the  minister 
of  commerce  and  manufactures.  In  case  the  said  minister  shall  find 
that  any  matters  indicated  under  (2)  and  (3)  of  this  article  (§  37) 
are  of  special  urgency  and  secrecy,  such  matters  may  also  be  decided 
by  him  without  the  opinion  of  the  council,  either  directly  or  with 
the  concurrence  of  the  ministers  of  war  and  navy,  if  connected  w  ith 
questions  of  national  defense. 

Note. — ^The  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures  may  also  submit  to  the 
consideration  of  the  council  other  matters  connected  with  the  management  of 
the  volunteer  fleet  upon  which  the  minister  shall  deem  it  advisable  to  have  the 
opinion  of  the  council. 

1  This  council  roughly  corresponds  to  the  executive  committee  of  the  National  Association  of  Manufao- 
turers  of  the  United  States.    (Tr.) 


24  FOREIGN   LEGISLATION   ON   THE   MERCHANT   MARINE. 

2.  Board  of  directors  of  the  volunteer  fleet. 

§  38.  The  board  of  directors  of  the  volunteer  fleet  shall  consist 
of  a  chairman  and  four  members,  including  one  member  from  the 
navy  department,  together  with  representatives  of  the  war  depart- 
ment and  the  State  auditor's  office.  The  two  last  named  shall  have 
a  voice  only  and  no  vote.  The  managing  director  shall  take  part 
in  the  meetings  of  the  board  of  directors  wi  h  the  right  to  vote. 
The  board  of  directors  shall  have  its  domicile  in  St.  Petersburg 
(Petrograd). 

§  39.  The  board  of  directors  of  the  volunteer  fleet  shall  have 
its  own  seal  with  the  state  coat  of  arms,  according  to  a  design  to  be 
approved  by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures. 

§  40.  The  chairman  of  the  board  of  directors  shaU  be  appointed, 
with  the  approval  of  the  cabinet  of  the  ministers,  by  the  minister  of 
commerce  and  manufactures,  from  persons  who  are  not  in  the 
classified  state  service  with  a  fixed  salary.  Three  members  of  the 
board  of  directors  shall  be  appointed  by  the  minister  of  commerce 
and  manufactures.  The  member  of  the  board  of  directors  from 
the  navy  department  shall  be  appointed  by  the  minister  of  the 
navy  from  among  the  members  of  that  department.  Similarly,  the 
representatives  of  the  war  department  and  the  State  auditor's 
office  shall  be  appointed  by  the  minister  of  war  and  the  state 
auditor  from  amorg  the  members  of  their  respective  departments. 

§  41.  In  case  of  sickness  or  temporary  absence  of  the  chairman  of 
the  board  of  directors,  his  duties  shall  be  performed  at  the  designa- 
tion of  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures  by  one  of  the 
members  of  the  board  of  directors.  In  case  of  sickness  or  absence  of 
members  of  the  board  of  directors  or  of  the  representatives  of  the 
State  auditor's  office  and  the  war  department,  substitutes  shall  be 
appointed  in  the  order  indicated  in  the  previous  (40th)  section,  who 
shaU  have  the  same  rights  as  the  persons  whom  they  are  replacing 
during  the  whole  period  in  which  they  act  as  substitutes. 

§  42.  In  the  transaction  of  business  relating  to  departments  other 
than  those  mentioned  in  §  36,  the  representatives  of  the  respective 
ministries  or  departments  shall  be  invited  to  take  part  in  the  meet- 
ings of  the  board  of  directors. 

§  43.  For  decisions  of  the  board  of  directors  to  be  valid  the  pres- 
ence of  the  chairman  or  his  substitute  and  of  the  two  members  of  the 
board  shall  be  required.  The  proceedings  of  the  board  of  directors 
shall  be  recorded  and  signed  by  all  persons  present  at  the  meeting. 

§  44.  The  decisions  of  the  board  of  directors-  shall  be  taken  by 
majority  vote,  and  in  case  of  a  tie  the  chairman  or  his  substitute 
shall  have  a  casting  vote.  A  member  of  the  board  of  directors 
dissenting  from  the  decision  of  the  board  may  demand  that  his 
dissenting  opinion  be  entered  upon  the  record.  In  such  a  case  he 
shall  be  freed  from  responsibihty  for  that  decision,  but  such  a  dis- 
senting opinion  shaU  not  stay  execution  of  the  decision. 

§  45.  The  board  of  directors  shall  have  charge  of  all  business, 
property,  and  funds  of  the  volunteer  fleet,  and  especially  of — 

(1)  Examination  and  approval  of  proposed  agreements  with  con- 
tractors to  be  entered  into  by  the  board,  and  also  foimulation  of  the 
general  terms  under  which  such  agreements  shall  be  made.     Author- 


FOREIGN   LEGISLATION   ON   THE  MEKCHANT  MABINE.  25 

ity  to  make  these   and  other  agreements  may  be  delegated  to  the 
employees  of  the  volunteer  fleet  by  the  board  of  directors; 

(2)  Supervision  through  its  members  over  the  local  institutions 
of  the  volunteer  fleet,  and  auditing  of  the  property  and  of  the 
business  of  the  fleet  in  places  where  such  business  is  carried  on; 

(3)  Formulation  of  the  regulations  mentioned  in  §  11  of  the  present 
charter ; 

(4)  Fixing  methods  of  sale  of  goods  on  commission,  approval  of 
the  rates  of  remuneration  for  the  operations  of  the  fleet,  and  making 
rules  as  to  the  issuance  and  repayment  of  loans  upqn  goods  (§  §  15-17). 

(5)  Issuance  and  acceptance  for  payment  of  bills  of  exchange  and 
of  all  other  notes  within  the  limits  approved  by  the  minister  of  com- 
merce and  manufactures. 

(6)  Discount  of  bills  of  exchange  received  by  the  volunteer  fleet. 

(7)  Making  agreements  in  the  name  of  the  volunteer  fleet. 

(8)  Issuance  of  powers  of  attorney: 

(a)  To  the  employees  of  the  volunteer  fleet; 

(h)  To  the  representatives  of  the  board  of  directors  entrusted  with 
making  agreements  and  signing  articles. 

(9)  Making  contracts  for  the  purchase  and  sale  of  real  estate,  and 
also  of  ships. 

(10)  Purchase  of  securities  for  the  volunteer  fleet,  as  well  as  the 
sale  and  mortgaging  of  those  securities. 

(11)  Making  and  amending  freight  and  passenger  rates  (tariffs). 

(12)  Capital  repairs  of  vessels. 

(13)  Determination  of  allowances  and  expenses  on  board  the  ves- 
sels of  the  fleet. 

(14)  Making  agreements  by  the  Volunteer  Fleet  for  the  establish- 
ment of  free  connections  with  other  navigation  enterprises  and  with 
railroads. 

(15)  Preparation  of  plans  of  action,  projects  of  the  budget,  reports 
and  balances  of  the  volunteer  fleet. 

(16)  Purchase  and  sale,  leasing  from  others  and  leasing  to  others 
of  ships,  and  of  real  estate. 

(17)  Establishing  and  closing  offices  and  agencies  of  the  fleet. 

(18)  Opening  new  lines  and  abolishing  existing  ones. 

(19)  Alteration  and  redistribution  of  voyages  on  existing  lines. 

(20)  Establishing  and  changing  the  methods  of  accoimting. 

(21)  Hiring  the  necessary  staff  of  employees  for  the  volunteer 
fleet  and  fixing  their  duties  and  salaries. 

(22)  Apportionment  of  an  additional  remuneration  and  granting 
aid  to  the  employees  of  the  volunteer  fleet. 

(23)  Conduct  of  litigation  in  the  courts. 

(24)  Conduct  of  the  aid  and  savings  fund  of  the  volunteer  fleet; 

(25)  Initiating  proposals  relating  to  the  apportionment  of  the 
expense  of  the  enterprise  to  the  reserve  fund ;  and 

(26)  Working  out  the  instructions  for  the  managing  director. 

Note  1. — The  decisions  of  the  board  of  directors  in  matters  enumerated  in 
16,  17,  19,  20,  and  26  of  this  (45th)  section  are  subject  to  the  ai)proval  of  the  min- 
ister of  commerce  and  manufactures,  who  shall  obtain  previously  the  concur- 
rence of  the  minister  of  the  navy  upon  all  matters  relating  to  the  construction 
or  sale  of  steamships. 

Note  2. — The  decisions  of  the  board  of  directors  in  matters  mentioned  under 
15,  18,  and  25  of  this  (45th)  section  shall  be  submitted  by  the  board  of  directorB 
for  the  approval  of  the  council  of  the  volunteer  fleet  (§  37). 


26  FOREIGN   LEGISLATION   ON   THE   MERCHANT   MARINE. 

§  46.  The  details  of  the  procedure  of  the  board  of  directors  and  the 
limits  of  its  rights  and  duties  shajQ  be  determined  by  an  instruction 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufac- 
tures. 

§  47.  The  drawing  of  funds  from  the  State  bank  shall  be  done  upon 
orders  issued  by  the  board  of  directors,  to  be  signed  by  the  chairman 
and  one  of  the  members  empowered  by  the  board  to  do  so.  The 
drawing  of  money  from  current  accounts  of  the  board  shall  be  done 
by  checks  signed  by  the  chairman  and  the  treasurer. 

§  48.  Powers  of  agency  and  powers  of  attorney  for  litigation  in 
courts,  as  well  as  for  signing  agreements,  terms,  and  articles  in  the 
name  of  the  board,  shall  be  signed  by  the  chairman  and  one  of  the 
members  empowered  by  the  board  to  do  so.  On  receipts  for  money 
remitted  to  the  board  by  mail  and  for  packages  and  documents  the 
signature  of  the  chairman  or  the  member  empowered  by  the  board, 
or  the  signature  of  the  managing  director,  with  the  seal  of  the  board, 
shall  sufhce. 

The  business  correspondence  of  the  volmiteer  fleet  shall  be  carried 
on  in  the  name  of  the  board. 

§  49.  The  chairman  and  members  of  the  board  shall  receive  for 
their  services  special  remuneration  from  the  funds  of  the  volunteer 
fleet,  the  former  12,000  rubles  per  annum,  the  latter  6,000  rubles  per 
annum  each,  except  those  persons  who  shall  be  in  the  classified  State 
service  at  fixed  salaries.  These  persons  shall  receive  annually  one- 
half  of  the  above  remuneration. 

§  50.  There  shall  be  a  bookkeeping  department  and  an  office  con- 
nected with  the  board  for  the  conduct  of  its  business,  keepirg  money 
and  other  accounts,  and  auditirg  these  accoimts  in  the  offices  and 
agencies  and  on  board  the  vessels  of  the  fleet. 

[3.  The  managing  director. 

§  51.  The  managing  director  shall  have  charge  of  the  immediate 
supervision  of  the  business  of  the  volunteer  fleet  and  of  the  execu- 
tion of  the  decisions  of  the  board;  also  of  the  supervision  of  the  per- 
sonnel on  board  tbe  ships  and  of  the  establishments  of  the  volunteer 
fleet  on  shore.  The  limitations  of  the  rights  and  duties  of  the  man- 
aging director  shall  be  fixed  by  a  special  instruction  to  be  prepared 
by  the  board  of  directors  (§  45  [26]). 

§  52.  The  managing  director  shall  be  nominated  by  the  board  of 
directors  and  appointed  by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufac- 
tures and  shall  receive  a  salary  from  the  funds  of  the  volunteer  fleet, 
to  be  determined  by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures, 
with  the  concurrence  of  the  minister  of  flnance  and  the  State  auditor. 

VIL  Personnel, 

§  53.  The  chairman  and  members  of  the  board  of  directors,  as  well 
as  all  employees  on  shore  and  the  crews,  shall  be  Kussian  subjects. 
Exceptions  to  this  rule  shall  be  aUowed  in  the  case  of  agents  and 
employees  on  shore  in  foreign  countries  only,  by  special  permission 
of  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures  to  be  obtained  in  each 
case  separately.  Jews  shall  not  be  admitted  to  the  service  of  the 
volunteer  fleet. 


FOREIGN   LEGISLATION    ON    THE    MERCHANT    MARINE. 


27 


§  54.  Office  managers,  agents,  captains  of  vessels  of  the  volunteer 
fleet,  the  chief  bookkeeper,  and  the  secretary  of  the  board  of  directors 
shall  be  confirmed  in  their  offices  or,  on  petition  of  the  board  of  direc- 
tors, discharged  by  the  minister  of  commerce  and  manufactures. 
Other  positions  shall  be  filled  by  the  ixianaging  director. 

§  55.  The  reserves  of  the  army  and  navy  shall  be  given  preference 
in  appointments  to  the  service  in  the  volunteer  fleet.  The  captains, 
officers,  mechanics,  surgeons,  engineers,  sailors,  and  firemen  of  the 
vessels  of  the  volunteer  fleet  shall  be  chosen  chiefly  from  among^ 
members  of  the  navy  department  who  are  either  in  the  reserves  or  on 
the  retired  list. 

Note. — The  offices  mentioned  in  tliis  (55tli)  section  may  also  be  filled  by  mem- 
bers of  the  navy  who  are  in  active  service.  The  payments  to  the  invalidity  fund 
of  the  navy  department  due  from  the  officers,  engineer  mechanics,  and  surgeons  of 
the  volunteer  fleet  shall  be  made  from  the  funds  of  the  fleet  and  deducted  from 
their  salaries. 

(Signed)  The  President  of  the 

Imperial  Council,  M.  Akimov. 

The  steamers  of  the  volunteer  fleet  January^  1914. 


No. 

Name. 

When 
built. 

Tonnage. 

Horse- 

Gross. 

Net. 

power. 

1 

Astrakhan 

1913 
1896 
1896 
1900 
1913 
1898 
1910 
1896 
190fr 
1911 
1911 
1891 
1913 
1909 
1909 
1903- 
1894 
1909- 
190^ 
1892 
1909- 
1912. 
1883 
1907 
1893 
1912 
1912 
1912 
1910 
1896 
1912 
1893 

2,695 
5,620 
5,616 
105 
122 
6,581 
2,372 
5,566 
1,459 
6,254 
6,377 
3,367 
5,286 
3,462 
2,679 

1,493 
3,197 
3,278 

1,450 

2 

Vladimir 

3,000 

3 

3,000 

A 

Diomid         .   .            .       . 

300 

5 

Dobrovoletz 

1 
4,174 
1,453 
3,127 
890 
4,530 
4,740 
1,892 
3,368 
1,922 
1.333 

400 

6 

2,500 

7 

Kishinev 

1,200 

8 

Kiev 

3,000 

9 

Kolyma . 

900 

10 

Kursk 

2,800 

11 

Mogilev » 

3,000 

12 

Nizhni-Novgorod 

1,300 

.      13 

2,560 

14 

Orel  .            

4,500 

15 

Pensa 

4,000 

16 

Perm 

4,243           2.756 

2,000 

17 

Peterburg 

5,432 
3,476 
3,521 
5,426 
2,712 
2,695 
1,362 
1,209 
4,441 
2,693 
2,695 
2,695 
2,351 
6,707 
2,695 
4,494 

1,796 
1,922 
1,962 
2,067 
1,355 
1,493 
846 
685 
2,517 
1,491 
1,493 
1,493 
1,393 
2,860 
1,493 
2,619 

11,200 

18 

Poltava 

4,500 

19 

Riazan 

4,500 

20 

Saratov 

10,250 

21 

4,000 

22 

Simferopol 

1,450 

23 

Sishan 

900 

24 

Stavropol 

750 

25 

Tambov 

2,500 

26 

Tver 

1,450 

27 

Tobolsk 

1,450 

28 

Tomsk     ... 

1,450 
1,200 

29 

Tula 

30 

Kherson 

13,000 

31 

Erivan. 

1,450 

32 

Yaroslavl 

Total 

2,500 

116,422 

65,651 

98,460 

Note.— Vessels  Nos.  2,  3,  5,  8,  10,  11,  12,  13,  16,  17,  20,  25,  29,  30,  and  32  are  registered  at  the  port  ol 
Odessa;  Nos.  4,  14,  15,  18,  19,  21,  23  at  the  port  of  Vladivostok;  Nos.  6  and  7  at  Libau;  Nos.  22,  24,  and  26 
at  Revel;  and  Nos.  1,  27,  28,  and  29  have  temporary  certificates. 

Source:  Russia.  Ministerstvo  Torgovli  i  Promyshlennosti.  Otdel  Torgovavo  Moreplavania.  Marine  mar- 
ehande  russe.    Repertoire  des  b&timents  au  1»"  Janvier  1914.    St.  Petersburg  (Petrograd),  1914.    p.  241-242. 

II  E565.R9A44. 


28  FOREIGN   LEGISLATION   ON   THE  MERCHANT   MARINE. 

THE  RUSSIAN  VOLUNTEER  FLEET. 

[Bxtraot  from  Fairplay,  weekly  shipping  journal  (London),  v.  62,  p.  447,  Feb.  26,  1914.] 

Since  the  year  1909,  when  the  management  of  the  Russian  volun- 
teer fleet  was  entrusted  to  the  ministry  of  marine,  and  when  the 
business  of  the  concern  was  placed  on  something  like  a  commercial 
basis,  the  results  of  its  operations  have  improved  considerably. 
Ever  since  1885  that  company  has  been  the  recipient  of  a  yearly  sub- 
sidy, amounting  to  600,000  rubles,  for  the  maintenance  of  a  steam- 
ship service  between  Odessa  or  St.  Petersburg  and  Vladivostok. 
Notwithstanding  the  State  assistance,  however,  the  company  up 
to  1909  worked  for  the  most  part  at  a  loss.  Then,  with  the  change 
in  its  management,  came  a  change  in  its  prospects.  In  1909,  for 
instance,  the  net  profit  realised,  not  including  the  subsidy,  amounted 
to  512,132  roubles;  in  1910  there  was  a  surplus  of  561,563  rubles, 
in  1911  of  178,807  roubles,  and  for  1912  the  net  profit  was  289,290 
rubles.  In  view  of  this  altered  state  of  things,  it  is  not  to  be  won- 
dered at  that  the  Goverament  considers  that  the  time  has  arrived 
for  revising  the  subvention  allowance.  A  bill,  in  fact,  has  been  laid 
before  the  Duma  providing  that  for  the  next  10  years — i.  e.,  from 
1914  to  1923 — the  Volunteer  Fleet  Company  shall  recei\7e  a  yearly 
subsidy  of  178,383  rubles  for  the  working  of  the  above-mentioned 
main  line  instead  of  the  yearly  sum  of  600,000  rubles,  as  hitherto. 
The  Government  takes  it  for  granted  that  henceforward  there  will 
be  an  annual  increase  of  about  110,700  rubles  in  the  earnings  and 
an  average  increase  of  about  36,000  rubles  in  the  expenses.  The 
new  bill  stipulates  that  there  shall  be,  as  formerly,  eighteen  voyages 
in  both  directions  every  year.  The  ports  to  be  called  at  on  the  out- 
ward voyages  are  to  be  Nicolaieff,  Constantinople,  Beyrout,  Port 
Said,  Djedda,  Hodeida,  Djibouti,  Colombo,  Singapore,  Hongkong, 
and  Nagasaki,  and  on  the  homeward  trips,  Nagasaki,  Hankow, 
Shanghai,  Hongkong,  Singapore,  Penang,  Colombo,  Djibouti,  Ho- 
deida, Djedda,  Port  Said,  Beyrout,  Constantinople,  Feodosia,  and 
Batoum.  Nine  of  the  company's  steamers  must,  under  the  new 
bill,  be  put  into  the  Odessa- Vladivostock  line;  four  of  them  must, 
however,  on  accoimt  of  their  age,  be  replaced  by  new  ones,  and  these 
new  boats  must  have  a  speed  of  12  faaots,  must  be  fitted  for  both 
passenger  and  cargo  traffic,  and  be  of  about  8,000  tons  carrying 
capacity.  In  order  to  furnish  funds  for  the  payment  of  this  new 
tonnage — which,  as  far  as  possible,  must  be  built  in  Russian  yards — 
the  company  is  empowered  to  raise  a  loan  of  altogether  3,920,000 
rubles — namely,  of  600,000  rubles  in  each  of  the  years  1915  and 
1916,  of  1,500,000  rubles  in  1917,  and  of  1,220,000  rubles  in  1918. 
The  new  steamers  have  to  be  installed  in  the  service  as  early  as  1915, 
and  seeing  that  the  Russia  i  yards  will  be  fully  employed  for  a  long 
time  to  come  in  executing  orders  received  for  the  consti'uction  of  war 
vessels,  it  is  more  than  probable  that  some  of  the  new  boats  for  the 
volunteer  fleet  will  have  to  be  built  abroad. 


APPENDIX. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  RUSSIAN  MER- 
CANTILE MARINE,  INCLUDING  SUBSIDIES. 

(Compiled  under  the  direction  of  H.  H.  B,  Meyer,  Chief  Bibliographer,  Library  of  Congress.) 

1.  Austria.  Bureau  des  industrierates.     Gesetze  und  vertrage  iiber  post-  und  schif- 

fahrtslinien  in  den  seestaaten  der  erde.  Wien,  K.  K.  Hof-  und  staatsdruckerei, 
1904.     2  V.     27^  cm.  HE6233.A8 

a.  Bacon,  Edwin  M.  Manual  of  ship  subsidies;  an  historical  summary  of  the  systems 
of  all  nations.  Chicago,  A.  C.  McClurg  &  co.,  1911.  103  p.  18  cm.  Russia: 
p.  59-62.  HE741.B3 

2.  Bellet,  Daniel.     Les  grandes  compagnies  de  navigation  en  Russie.     Revue  Mari- 

time, Sept.  1901,  V.  150:  1972-1977.     From  Monde  moderne.  V2.R4,v.l50 

3.  Congres  international  de  la  marine  marchande.     Paris,  1900.     Compte  rendu  des 

travaux  et  des  stances.  Paris,  Impr.  P.  Dupont,  1901,  392  p.  incl.  diagr. 
24^  cm.     Russia:  p.  11-12;  89-90.  HE731.C74 

4.  Gt.  Brit.     Foreign  office.     Reports  on  the  constitutions  and  functions  of  ministers 

of  commerce.  Apr.  1889.  London,  Harrison  &  sons,  1889.  191  p.  33  cm. 
(Parliament.  Reports  and  papers,  1889,  v.  76.)  Commercial  No.  12  (1889). 
Statistics  of  subsidies  paid  to  steamship  companies,  Russia:  p.  148. 

J301.K6  1889,  V.  76 

5, Reports  respecting  bounties  on  subsidies  given  in  the  various  Euro- 
pean countries  in  aid  of  the  construction  or  running  of  ships.  Presented  to 
the  House  of  Lords  .  .  .  May  1889.  L'ondon,  H.  M.  Stationery  off.  [1889] 
56  p.  (Commercial  no.  14  [1889].)  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Papers  by  com- 
mand.    C.  5677.     Russia:  p.  14-17  HE740.G7A2  1889 

6. Reports  by  Her  Majesty's  representatives  abroad  on  bounties  on 

the  construction  and  running  of  ships  paid  by  the  state  in  the  countries  in  which 
they  reside  .  .  .  London,  H.  M.  Stationery  off.  [1895]  46  p.  24^  cm.  Com- 
mercial, no.  8  [1895].)  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Papers  by  command.  C.  7898. 
Russia:  p.  35-38.  HE740.G7A2  1895 

7.  Gt.  Brit.     Foreign  office.     Further  reports  by  Her  Majesty's  representatives  abroad 

on  bounties  on  the  construction  and  running  of  ships  paid  by  the  state  in  the 
countries  in  which  they  reside,  and.  particulars  with  regard  to  the  granting  of 
preferential  railway  rates.  [In  continuation  of  "Commercial  no.  8  (1895)": 
C.  7898]  Loudon,  H.  M.  Stationery  off.  [1898]  116  p.  (Gt.  Brit.  Parliament. 
Commercial  no.  2  (1898))  C.  8720.     Russia:  p.  105-106.  HE740.G7A2  1898 

8.  1 Reports  from  His  Majesty's  representatives  abroad  respecting  boun- 
ties on  ship-building,  &c.  London,  printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Harri- 
son and  sons  [1901]  92  p.  25cm.  ([Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Papers  by  com- 
mand]   Cd.  596)     Commercial  no.  4  (1901)     Russia:  p.  80-85. 

HE740.G7A2  1901 

Shipping  subsidies.     Report  on  bounties  and  subsidies  in  respect 


of  shipbuilding,  shipping  and  navigation  in  foreign  countries.  London,  Pub. 
by  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  printed  by  Darling  and  sons,  1913.  45  p.  33^cm. 
([Parliament.  Papers  by  command]    Cd.  6899) 

Based  on  information  obtained  by  the  Foreign  office,  at  the  request  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  from  H.  M.  diplomatic  representatives,  and  pubHshed  as  a 
continuation  of  the  reports  issued  by  the  Foreign  office  »in  1901  (Commercial 
no.  4:  Cd.  596)     Russia:  p.  36-38.  HE740.G7A2  1913 

10.  Parliament.  House  of  commons.  Select  committee  on  steamship  subsidies.  Re- 
port ...  together  with  the  proceedings  of  the  Committee,  minutes  of  evidence, 
appendix  and  index.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Wyman 
and  son,  1901.     369  p.     33icm.     Russia:  see  Index,  p.  354. 

HE740.G7A4  1901a 

29 


30  FOREIGN    LEGISLATION    ON   THE   MERCHANT   MARINE. 

11.  Parliament.     House  of  commons.    Select  committee  on  steamship  subsidies.    Re- 

port; together  with  the  proceedings  of  the  Committee,  minutes  of  evidence, 
appendix  and  index.    London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Wyman  & 
,  son,  1902.     311  p.     SS^cm.     Russia:  p.  vii,  4,  167,  230-231,  259-260. 

HE740.G7A4  1902 

12.  Greve,   Wilhelm.    Seeschiffahrts-Subventionen  der  Gegenwart.    Hamburg,   L. 

Friederichsen  &  co.,  1903.     123  p.     Russland:  p.  108-113.  HE741.G83 

13.  Huebner,  Solomon  S.,  ed.    Special  diplomatic  and  consular  reports,  prepared  for 
.    the  use  of  the  Committee  on  the  merchant  marine  and  fisheries,  ...  dealing  with 

methods  and  practices  of  steamship  lines  engaged  in  the  foreign  carrying  trade 
of  the  United  States.  Washington  [Govt,  print,  off.]  1913.  334  p.  Russia: 
Shipping  combine:  p.  96-100;  Subsidies:  p.  215-216.  HE745.A2  1913b 

14.  Huldermann,  B.     Die  Subventionen  der  auslilndischen  Handelsflotten  und  ihre 

Bedeutung  fiir  die  Entwicklung  der  Seeschiffahrt  ...  Berlin,  E.  S.  Mittler 
und  Sohn,  1909.     71  p.     Russland:  p.  32-33.  HE741.H8 

15.  Kovalevskii,  W.  de,  ed.    La  Russie  ^  la  fin  du  19®  si^cle.     Paris,  P.  Dupont, 

1900.  989  p.  (Commission  imp^riale  de  Russie  ^  1' Exposition  universelle  de 
Paris)     Navigation  maritime,  par.  V.  Posner:  p.  847-851.  HC335.K87 

16.  Meeker,  Royal.    History  of  shipping  subsidies.     New  York,  For  the  American 

economic  association  by  the  Macmillan  company,  1905.  234  p.  (Publications 
of  the  American  economic  association.  3d  series,  v.  6,  no.  3)  Russia:  p. 
129-133.  HE741.M49 

17.  Riq^uoir,  Antoine.    L*encouragement  des  marines  marchandes:  6tude  de  legisla- 

tion compar^e.     Paris,  A.  Rousseau,  1906.     287  p.     Russia:  p.  79-81. 

HE741.R6 

18.  Russia.     Kommissx^  po  voprosu  o  mierakh  k  pooshchreniiu   russkago    torgovago 

morekhedstva  i  sudostroenlid..  Istoricheskii  obzor  pravitel'stvennykh  miero- 
prifatii  dlia  razvitila  russkago  torgovago  morekhedstva .  St.  Petersburg,  V. 
Kirshbaum,  1895.  359,  47  p.  Commission  to  consider  means  towards  the 
development  of  the  Russian  merchant  marine  and  shipbuilding. 

19.  The  Russian  year-book.     1912.     London,  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  ltd.     [1912] 

See  section  on  Ports  and  shipping,  especially  Shipping  statistics,  government 
aid,  p.  282-284.  HC331.R8 

20.  Schweiger,  Alois.     Schiffahrtssubventionen  und  ihr  Einfluss  auf  Post,  Amirali- 

tiit,  Schiffbau  und  Volkswirtschaft.  [2.  Aufl.]  Wien,  O.  Mobius,  1905.  130  p. 
29icm.     Russland:  p.  31.  HE741.S42 

21.  U.  S.    Bureau  of  navigation  {Dept.  of  commerce)    Annual  report  of  the  commis- 

sioner of  navigation.  1909.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1910.  Russia:  p. 
260-262.  Text  of  the  law  of  Volunteer  fleet  subsidy,  1908  and  proposed  ship 
building  law.  HE563.U5A2    1909 

22.  Congress.     House.     Committee  on  m£rchant  marine  and  fisheries.    American 

merchant  marine  in  the  foreign  trade.  [Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1890] 
508  p.     (51st  Cong.,  1st  sess.     House.     Rept.  1210)     Russia:  p.  416-417. 

2810 

23.  Senate.  Committee  on  commerce.  Development  of  the  American  mer- 
chant marine  and  American  commerce  .  .  .  Report  (to  accompany  S.  529.), 
[Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1906]  112  p.  23cm.  (59th  Cong.  1st  sess. 
Senate.     Rept.  10)     Russia:  p.  64.  HE746.A315 

24.  Merchant  marine  commission.    Report  .  .  .  together  with  the  testimony 

taken  at  the  hearings.  In  three  volumes.  W^ashington,  Govt,  print,  off., 
1905.  3  V.  23cm.  (58th  Cong.,  3d  sess.  Senate.  Rep.  no.  2755)  Russian 
shipping  subsidies:  V.  2,  p.  946.  HE745.A2    1905 

25.  Verneaux,  Ren6  [Augustine].    L'industrie  des  transports  maritimes  au  XIX» 

si^cle  et  au  commencement  du  XX®  si^cle.  Paris,  A.  Redone,  1903.  2  v. 
23cm.     Regimes  russes:  v.  1,  p.  152-157.  HE735.V53 

26.  Vocino,  Michele.     II  protezionismo  marittimo  dalle  origini  nei  vari  stati.     NapoU, 

F.  Casella  fu  G.,  1912.  211  p.  (Le  question!  modeme.  2)  Russia:  p.  45, 
102-105,  129-131;  Statistics,  p.  Ill,  134.  HE581.V7 

UNITED   STATES    CONSULAR   REPORTS. 
(HC1.R2) 

27.  1882.    Russian  merchant  marine  in  January,  1880.     Consul-General  Stanton,  of 

St.  Petersburg.     Vol.  5,  no.  16,  February,  1882.    p.  238-241. 

28.  1890.     Steam-sMp  subsidies.     Russia.     Report  from  the  British  legation  at  St. 

Petersburg,  April  13,  1889.  Transmitted  by  Consul-General  J.  C.  New,  of 
London.     Vol.  32,  no.  112,  January,  1890.p.  52-53. 


FOREIGN   LEGISLATION   ON   THE   MERCHANT  MARINE.  31 

29.  1899.     School  of  merchant  marine  in  Russia.    Thomas  E,  Hienan,  consul,  Odessa, 

December  12,  1898.     Vol.  59,  no.  222,' March,  1899.    p.  389. 

30.  1900.    Merchant  marine   of  Russia.     Consul-General  HoUoway.     (See   Special 

report.  Vol.  18.)     Vol.  63,  no.  236,  May,  1900.     p.  87-91. 

31.  1901.     Merchant  marine  of  Russia.    John  E.  Kehl,  consul,  Stettin,  February  15, 

1901.     Vol.  66,  no.  249,  Juxie,  1901.     p.  248-249. 

32.  1902.     Russian  mercantile  marine.     Consul-general   Holloway,    St.    Petersburg, 

Dec.  10,  1901.     Vol.  68,  no.  257,  February,  1902,  p.  274. 

33.  .     Bounties  for  Russian  shipbuilding.     R.  T.  Greener,  commercial  agent, 

Vladivostock,  July  6,  1902.     Vol.  70,  no".  265,  October,  1902.     p.  218-219. 

34.  1903.     Russian  merchant  marine  in  1901.     Consul  Samuel  Smith,  Moscow,  Dec. 

8,  1902.     Vol.  71,  no.  270,  Mar.  1903,  p.  431-432. 

35.  1906.     Russian  steamship  subsidies.     R.  S.  Greene,  Oct.  1906,  no.  313,  p.  140-141. 

36.  1912.     Bounty  for  shipbuilding.    John  H.  Snodgrass.     Daily  consular  and  trade 

reports,  Jan.  16,  1912,  no.  13,  p.  264. 

37.  .    Subsidy  for  Russia-Siberia  service.    John  H.  Snodgrass.     Daily  consular 

and  trade  reports,  Jan.  30,  1912,  no.  25,  p.  468. 

38.  1913.    English  shipbuildiag  concession  iu  Russia.    John  H.  Groat.     Daily  con- 

sular and  trade  reports,  Nov.  13,  1913,  no.  266,  p.  811, 

39.  1914.    Russian  shipping.    Jolin  H.  Groat.  -Daily  consular  and  trade  reports, 

Feb.  6,  1914,  no.  33,  p.  527. 

GREAT  BRITAIN    DIPLOMATIC   AND   CONSULAR   REPORTS — ANNUAL   SERIES. 

(HC4.R5) 

40.  1895.  Russia:  St.  Petersburg:  Subsidies  to  Russian  steamship  lines.    No.  1635, 

July,  1895,  p.  11-13. 

41.  1904.  Russia:  St.  Petersburg:  Shipping  subsidies.    No.  3253,  Aug.  1904,  p.  6. 
42. .  Russia:  Finland:  Subvention  to  the  steamship  company  "Nord."    No. 

3278,  Sept.  1904,  p.  9. 

43.  1913.  Rusaan  shipping.    No.  5041,  Feb.  1913,  p.  20-21. 

BOARD  OF  TRADE  JOURNAL,  LONDON. 

(HF183.B8) 

44.  1889.  Bounties  paid  in  foreign  countries  on  the  construction  and  running  of  ships. 

Replies  to  a  circular  issued  by  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury,  from  Her  Majesty's 
representatives  in  Italy,  France,  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  Russia,  Turkey, 
Spain,  Sweden  and  Norway,  Belgium,  Portugal,  Greece,  Denmark,  Roumania 
and  Bulgaria.     Vol.  6,  no.  35,  June,  1889,  p.  700-709. 

45.  1891.  The  Russian  merchant  marine.     Vol.  10,  no.  59,  June,  1891,  p.  675. 

46.  1893.  The  Russian  merchant  marine.     Vol.  14,  no.  83,  June,  1893,  p.  723-725. 

47.  1894.  Russian  merchant  navy.     Vol.  17,  No.  98,  Sept.  1894,  p.  263-264. 

48.  1900.  The  Russian  mercantile  marine.     Vol.  28,  Mar.  1,  1900,  p.  466-467. 

49.  .  Russia.    Mercantile  marine.     Vol.  29,  Apr.  29,  1900,  p.  123. 

50.  .  The  Russian  mercantile  marine.    From  report  of  H.  M.  Consul-general 

at  Odessa.    Vol.  31,  no.  201,  Oct.  4,  1900,  p.  10-11. 

51.  1901.  Russia.     Shipping  bounties.    Vol.  32,  Feb.  7,  1901,  p.  344. 

52.  .  Russia.    Mercantile  marine.    Vol.  32,  Feb.  28,  1901,  p.  529. 

53.  1903.  The  Russian  mercantile  marine  and  international  trade.     From  "Commer- 

cial and  Industrial  gazette,"  of  St.  Petersburg.     Nov.  9-22,  1902.    Vol.  40,  no. 
318,  Jan.  1,  1903,  p.  18-19. 
64.  1905.  Russia.    Mercantile  marine.    Vol.  50,  no.  454,  Aug.  10,  1905,  p.  271. 

55.  1908.  Russia.    Government  subsidies  for  the  establishment  of  steamship  service. 

Vol.  61,  no.  592,  Apr.  2,  1908,  p.  33-34. 

56.  .  Russia.    New  subsidized  steamship  service  in  the  Black  and  Mediterranean 

seas.     Vol.  62,  No.  617,  Sept.  24,  1908,  p.  625. 

57.  1911.  Russia.    Mercantile  marine.    Vol.  74^  no.  769,  Aug.  24,  1911,  p.  380. 

58.  1913.  .Russia.    Proposed  bounties  for  Russian  mercantile  marine.    Vol.  83,  no. 

889,  Dec.  11,  1913,  p.  588-589. 


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